Mumbai is projected to become significantly hotter, wetter and more humid by 2040, with residents likely to experience heat more intensely than what thermometers record due to rapid urbanisation, shrinking tree cover and increasing concreting, according to a new study by Azim Premji University.

The report, Indian Coastal Regions: Climate Projections 2021-2040, forecasts rising temperatures, increased humidity, more days above 40°C and nearly two additional weeks of heavy rainfall annually. The changes could have far-reaching consequences for public health, infrastructure, and livelihoods, particularly among vulnerable communities such as Kolis.