DNA studies are now showing that Harappans did not have genes of steppe pastoralists (Aryans). But these Aryan genes are found in about 30 per cent of the Indian population. This means the Aryans came after Harappan cities had collapsed. They did not invade Harappa, but many Aryan men, who came in waves, over centuries, certainly did migrate and marry Harappan women. More accurately, Aryan men married women whose ancestors built Harappan cities, and who followed Harappan customs.

Harappans and Aryans were different. Harappans buried the dead. Aryans cremated the dead. Harappans did not use horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots; they had not been invented when these cities thrived. These horse-drawn spoked-wheel chariots were invented in Central Asia, less than 4,000 years ago, and used in war only 3,500 years ago, long after Harappan cities had ceased to exist. This chariot came into India with Aryans, who also brought a new language, that later evolved into Sanskrit. Of all Aryan languages, only in India do we find the retroflex sound (dh- of dharma) indicating that the Vedic language, despite foreign roots, evolved a great deal locally as it was mouthed by children who had Harappan mothers and Aryan fathers.