The tragedy of Nandi and Surabhi

Few animals have shaped Hindu imagination as deeply as the bull and the cow Shivarsquos mount is Nandi the great humped bull while the divine cow Surabhi symbolizes nourishment and abundance Yet the modern story of their descendants is full of irony To understand this we need a story with six bovine characters Nandi Billa Surabhi Clive Owen and JennyNandi is the great humped bull Bos Indicus of the Indian subcontinent recognizable by the hump over his shoulders and the loose fold of skin beneath his neck the dewlap An uncastrated Nandi is powerful and intimidating When castrated he becomes Billa the bullock that for thousands of years pulled carts ploughed fields and carried goods across long distances Billa was the indispensable beast of burden of South Asia capable of working for days under a blazing tropical sunSurabhi is Nandirsquos mate the humped Indian cow She produces less milk than European breeds but she evolved for survival rather than abundance Her offspring inherit remarkable heat tolerance The hump stores fat reserves while the loose skin helps dissipate heat Together these features allow Indian cattle to thrive where many other breeds struggleAcross the world lived another family Clive is the humpless bull Bos Taurus of Europe the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia adapted to cooler climates When castrated he becomes Owen a useful draught animal in temperate regions but one that tires quickly in tropical heat Jenny Cliversquos mate produces far more milk than Surabhi For dairy farmers that difference matters enormouslyNature however rarely gives everything at once Jenny gives abundant milk but Owen cannot endure the heat or travel the long distances that Billa manages with ease Surabhi gives less milk yet Billa remains one of the greatest working animals ever bred for tropical agricultureModern commerce separated these strengths Indian zebu cattle descendants of Nandi and Surabhi spread across the tropical world Brazil with its vast hot grasslands became one of the greatest beneficiaries Today much of Brazilrsquos beef industry relies on cattle descended from Indian zebu breeds Nandi and Surabhirsquos children because they flourish in hot climates where European breeds perform poorly Even the hump once associated in India with Shivarsquos sacred symbol the linga is prized there as a delicacyMeanwhile India pursued a different goal The demand for milk encouraged widespread crossbreeding between indigenous cows and highyielding European dairy breeds often through artificial insemination Modern dairy production depends on repeated pregnancies because cows produce milk only after calving This system transformed milk output and filled markets with butter cheese and gheeThe irony is striking Descendants of Nandi and Surabhi helped build the global beef industry in tropical countries while Indian dairy increasingly depended on genetics from European cattle to increase milk production Beef travelled abroad milk flowed at homeThis is the paradox hidden behind familiar symbols The same civilization that venerates Nandi and celebrates Surabhi now participates in two global industries built on very different priorities one values the heathardy body of the Indian zebu for beef production the other values the milk yield of European cattle for dairy production The sacred bull the working bullock the modest milk cow the European dairy breeds and the economics of global agriculture together tell a far more complicated story than the simple labels of ldquopurerdquo and ldquoimpurerdquo ever canThe author writes and lectures on the relevance of mythology in modern times Reach him at devduttpattanaikmiddaycom