Italy's virus reopening was supposed to be accompanied by a series of measures to limit infections: the distribution of millions of inexpensive surgical masks to pharmacies nationwide, a pilot project of 1,50,000 antibody tests and, eventually, the roll-out of a contact-tracing app.

None of these is in place as Italy experiments with its second week of loosening restrictions. Italy's commissioner for the emergency, Domenico Arcuri, said, "Italians know well what to do to protect themselves, even if they don't have tests, masks, or other measures." Spain has no immediate plans to roll out an app for contact tracing. Germany has engaged over 10,000 people in contact tracing. An app is planned but is still weeks away.