It is well known that men are up to twice as likely to develop alcoholism as women. However, the reason behind this difference in susceptibility has remained unclear.
It is well known that men are up to twice as likely to develop alcoholism as women. However, the reason behind this difference in susceptibility has remained unclear.u00a0
Now, a new study has revealed that dopamine may be an important factor.u00a0
Researchers from Columbia and Yale studied male and female college-age social drinkers in a laboratory test of alcohol consumption.u00a0
After consuming an alcoholic or non-alcoholic drink, each participant underwent a specialized positron emission tomography (PET) scan, an imaging technique that can measure the amount of alcohol-induced dopamine release.u00a0
Dopamine has multiple functions in the brain, but is important in this context because of its pleasurable effects when it is released by rewarding experiences, such as sex or drugs.
Despite similar consumptions of alcohol, the men had greater dopamine release than women.u00a0
This increase was found in the ventral striatum, an area in the brain strongly associated with pleasure, reinforcement and addiction formation.u00a0
"In men, increased dopamine release also had a stronger association with subjective positive effects of alcohol intoxication. This may contribute to the initial reinforcing properties of alcohol and the risk for habit formation," explained Dr. Nina Urban, corresponding author for this study.
Dr. Anissa Abi-Dargham, senior author on this project, notes that "another important observation from this study is the decline in alcohol-induced dopamine release with repeated heavy drinking episodes. This may be one of the hallmarks of developing tolerance or transitioning into habit."u00a0
These findings indicate that the ability of alcohol to stimulate dopamine release may play an important and complex role in its rewarding effects and abuse liability in humans.
This identification of an in vivo neurochemical mechanism that could help explain the sex difference in alcoholism is an exciting step forward in alcoholism research.
The study has been published in Biological Psychiatry.
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