Low or zero sperm count can occur due to various causes such as hormonal imbalances, genetic problems, past infections, or blockages in the tubes that carry sperm
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When it comes to fertility and reproductive health, male infertility is often ignored but needs serious attention, especially in light of the surge in cases of declining sperm parameters among men aged 25-40, according to health experts.
Sperm parameters, measured through semen analysis, evaluate male fertility by assessing aspects like sperm count, motility and morphology, among other factors.
Ishaan (name changed), 35, An Andheri-based working professional who got married two years ago, was trying to start a family for over a year with no success. A routine semen analysis revealed zero sperm count. He was diagnosed with obstructive azoospermia — a condition caused by blockage in the sperm-carrying tubes. However, with early intervention and treatment, the couple was able to welcome a healthy baby boy in May 2025.
Azoospermia is a condition where no sperm is detected in the semen. Highlighting its growing prevalence, Dr Jyotshna Palgamkar, fertility specialist at Nova IVF Fertility in Virar, says, “It affects about 1 per cent of all men and 5-10 per cent of infertile men. In three months, two in 20 men that come to the centre are diagnosed with azoospermia. There are two types of the condition – obstructive azoospermia, which is a blockage in the reproductive tract, and non-obstructive azoospermia, a failure of the testes to produce sperm due to genetic, hormonal, or health issues.”
Experts highlight that there have been several cases of declining sperm count in recent times, with several factors affecting male fertility.
“Low or zero sperm count can be seen due to various causes such as hormonal imbalances, genetic problems, past infections, or blockages in the tubes that carry sperm. Moreover, lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, stress, obesity, and exposure to heat or chemicals can also affect sperm production and lead to zero sperm count. Sometimes, medical conditions like diabetes, varicocele (swollen veins in the scrotum), or certain medicines can also lead to low or even zero sperm count,” informs Dr Rita Modi, senior IVF consultant at Motherhood Fertility & IVF in Kharghar.
Symptoms of azoospermia
While infertility is the most obvious symptom and effect of azoospermia, one must look out for other signs as well. “In some cases, hormonal imbalance signs like low libido, reduced muscle mass, or testicular swelling may occur. Men with this condition may experience emotional distress, relationship strain, and long-term infertility, if untreated. The condition may take a toll on one’s entire well-being,” explains Dr Palgamkar.
Management and treatment
With advancements in medical science, it is possible to overcome azoospermia, or even low sperm count. “With modern reproductive medicine, even men with zero sperm count can become biological fathers in many cases through treatments like sperm retrieval, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), among others. Early diagnosis and guidance from a fertility specialist greatly improves chances of success,” adds Dr Palgamkar.
Additionally, certain lifestyle modifications can significantly improve male fertility. Dr Modi shares the following tips:
1. Eating a healthy diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and protein can support sperm health.
2. Regular exercise helps maintain weight, hormone balance and even fertility in men.
3. Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drugs is essential as they can impact sperm quality.
4. Reducing stress with the help of relaxation techniques like meditation and deep breathing, sleeping well, and staying hydrated also improves fertility.
5. Men should avoid excessive heat near the groin and get regular health check-ups to detect problems early.
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